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・ Contents
・ Introduction
・ Contents
1. Remember more the Engineering than Bushido
- "The Dignity of the Nation" written by Masahiko Fujiwara
- "Bushido" written by Inazo Nitobe
- "Fifteen Codes of Engineering" written by Eizaburo Nishibori
- Bipolar goals of engineers is to parent children
2. When did Japan go wrong?
- "Clouds above the Hill" written by Ryotaro Shiba
- Not at the Pearl Harbor attack but around the Sino-Japanese War.
- When samurais forget their duty.
3. How to prevent wars.
- "Perpetual Peace: Philosophical Essay" written by Kant
- World War I
- Wilson's Fourteen Points for Peace
- Why War: Einstein and Freud's
- No world wars occurred after World War II.
- How to prevent all wars.
4. Future of Japan
- Maxima for engineers
- Resurgence of moral education
- As a citizen given the voting right
- Engineering development rather than science promotion
・ Conclusion
・ References
1. Remember more the Engineering than Bushido
The Japanese mathematician Masahiko Fujiwara describes in his book "The Dignity of the Nation" that the current Japanese education lacks the Bushido spirit. He argues that it must be revived. Probably because he actively and funnily behaved as a brave Japanese boy who believed to embrace the Bushido spirit even in the United States in his another book "A Young Mathematician in the United States of America" which must amuse every readers. Even though, however, isn't it anecdotal to restore the Bushido education in the contemporary Japan? The Dignity of the Nation is summarized as follows:
- In the postwar Japanese education, the strategic policy of the United States has eliminated all contents that leads to war praise and has being emphasized freedom, equality, democracy and capitalism.
- Along with that, the Bushido spirit was forgotten, and particularly the education on emotion and formality was lost.
- Since the people do not mature forever, the elites must be trained.
- By doing so, Japan has to demonstrate the model that respects tradition to the world.
He continues that no people will mature forever and the democracy and the popular sovereignty cause wars, thus Japan must show a tradition-oriented culture model to the world by training elites. Is it true that no people will mature forever and the democracy and the popular sovereignty cause wars?
The Japanese government including Prime Minister Hideki Tojo and Emperor Hirohito were consisted of elites who had the Bushido spirit. The citizens who selected Hideki Tojo did not receive the postwar education which was influenced by the United States. Besides the chosen elites ordered the military to attack the Pearl Harbor and started the Pacific War.
It is too absurd to further discuss about the statement that the democracy and the popular sovereignty will cause war, however, one benefit of the indirect democracy must be notable that onlookers see more than the players. Although no one can easily become politicians, singers, painters, novelists or any performers, everyone can effortlessly enjoy and evaluate their political skills, singing skills, the painting beauties and readable novels. Citizens including the mass media can evaluate the Diet dispute and the political movement from the third party view point. The advantages of the indirect democracy are here. People do not have to have political skills by themselves, but they have the obligation to appropriately evaluate politicians and to select them.
It is obvious that the cause of the war was not due to the postwar education influenced by the United States, but why did Japan started the war, when did it become more militant, this is discussed in Chapter 3.
First of all, nowadays are not of samurai but of technocrats or engineers in the era of science and technology. Bushido should be taken into the education for modern soldiers of the Self-Defense Force and ordinary citizens should learn Engineers Ethics rather than Bushido.
Although Fujiwara does not provide detailed explanation about Bushido of Inazo Nitobe, but instead, he introduces the "Rules of ten-member group" that were taught in the Aizu clan in the Edo era as follow:
I. Do not disobey what the elders say.
II. Bow to the elders.
III. Do not tell a lie.
IV. Do not behave unfair and cowardly.
V. Do not bully weak people.
VI. Do not eat foods outdoors.
VII. Do not have a conversation with ladies outdoors.
The above seven terms are ended with the following phrase:
"No" means "no".
Fujiwara says as follows:
In short, it means "Don't ask useless question" or "Doing bad things is bad". This is the most important. It is impossible to explain everything by logic. That is why they impose the rules by appending "No means no".
He is jokingly admits that the rules are persuasive except for the seventh one, however, I cannot agree with the sixth also. Nonetheless, the first and the second rules are admissible from the viewpoint of parenting. The third one is essential for the maintenance of society as the prohibition of murder, stealing, etc. The third, the fourth, and the fifth ones are indispensable for samurai to maintain security.
In the following section, it is examined what Bushido and Engineers Ethics are.
When Nitobe was asked by the distinguished Belgian jurist, M. de Laveleye that Japanese had no religious instruction in their schools and how did they impart moral education, Nitobe could give no ready answer. In addition, his American wife frequently queried him as to the reasons why such and such ideas and customs prevail in Japan. In order to give satisfactory replies to them, he wrote the book titled "Bushido".
In this book, Bushido is described as the "Precepts of Knighthood" or the noblesse oblige of the warrior class. As to strictly ethical doctrines, the teachings of Confucius were the most prolific source of Bushido. His enunciation of the five moral relations between master and servant (the governing and the governed), father and son, husband and wife, older and younger brother, and between friend and friend, was but a confirmation of what the race instinct had recognized. The loyalty to the sovereign, the reverence for ancestral memory, and the filial were inculcated by the Shinto doctrines. Buddhism furnished a sense of calm trust in Fate, a quiet submission to the inevitable, that stoic composure in sight of danger or calamity, that disdain of life and friendliness with death. Their methods were given by "Zen" or contemplation to be convinced of a principle that underlies all phenomena and of the Absolute itself, and thus to put oneself in harmony with this Absolute. However, Bushido did not value knowledge itself. It was conceived as identical with its practical application in life; and this Socratic doctrine was greatly supported by the Chinese philosopher, Wan Yang Ming, who said "To know and to act are one and the same".
The precepts of Bushido are as follows:
- Rectitude or Justice
- Courage, the Spirit of Daring and Bearing
- Benevolence, the Feeling of Distress
(Fujiwara emphasizes the importance of benevolence*)
- Politeness
(Fujiwara highlights the formality of politeness*)
- Veracity and Sincerity
- Honor
- Duty of Loyalty
* (Note added by this homepage author (hereinafter referred to as "I" or "me")
In addition to the Samurais Education, the Self-Control, the Suicide, the Redress and the Sword as the Soul of the Samurai in which the dignity is emphasized, the ideal of women are also described in the same book as follows:
- Be pre-eminently domestic and brave.
- Dirk (pocket poniard) to canonize for their purity and piety.
- Accomplish music, dancing, and literature for the gentler graces of life.
- Martial or pacific in character.
- Inner help.
- Five relations = The affection between father and son, the rectitude between sovereign and vassal, the partaking between husband and wife, the precedence between elder and younger and the faith between friends
Duty, spirit, morality, etc. of samurai as a member of the military organization in addition to the ideal of wife are described in "Bushido", however, duties or morality of elites who lead the military organization is not mentioned as Masahiko Fujiwara expects. However, the above metioned ideal of women among the five relations is considered to contain the relations of not only the wives and woman but also fathers, children and ｆriends. Also the Rules of ten-member group taught by the Aizu clan include the children's ethics.
The parenting is performed by three members of a family consisting of father and mother as a couple and their child or children. The mental attitude, the morality and the ideal of each of the three members should be different. Although, I had an experience of a child who received childcare, was a husband and a father, since I was not a mother or a wife, I could not describe the details such as attitude, morality, ideals etc. of women. Nitobe argues at the beginning of Chapter XIV "The Training and Position of Woman" of "Bushido" as follows:
The female half of our species has sometimes been called the paragon of paradoxes, because the intuitive working of its mind is beyond the comprehension of men's "arithmetical understanding". Because the physical charms and delicate thoughts of the fair sex are above the coarse mental calibre of our sex to explain.
Thus I would like to refrain from further commenting on the female ehtics.
The main text starts as follows just after the Preface of "Fifteen Codes of Gishido (Engineers Ethics)" written by Eizaburo Nishibori (Asahi Bunko Paperback):
Since ancient times, there had been the "Precepts of Knighthood" in Japan which should observed by the noblesse oblige of the fighting nobles in the warrior class. In the West, there was chivalry to be followed by the knights. Therefore, I would like to propose Gishido (Engineers Ethics) to show an ethical doctrine to be complied with by engineers and a behavior system or an ideal aspect for engineers in good conscience. Gishido means literally Engineers-Ways in which the way refers to the norm or the platform of human behavior.
Those who engaged in engineering shall:
- Understand that they can do nothing against the law of "Great Nature".
- Appreciate the blessings of nature.
- Defy any unethical purpose and disobey any unethical order in any occasion.
- Nurture "Conscience" formation.
- Be always customer-oriented.
- Always be careful and do not overlook a small incident or difference.
- Respect creativity, especially originality, and pay attention to all fields of science and technology.
- Restrict the tendency to be logical and materialistic but improve the mental health.
- Respect those involved in engineering and mutually help them in the "benevolent" spirit.
- Strongly and painstakingly "Love Your Work", overcome the difficulty with pleasure and not to be overanxious.
- Do not avoid the responsibility.
- Recognize how the technology is important in the enterprise development and consider the impact on the economy.
- Do not be afraid of failure and always think about the future in an optimistic perspective.
- Insight and predict how the results of technology will affect pollution, safety, resources and so on of the descendants in the future society.
- Constantly and courageously devote to new technology development.
He gives no explanation for the above fifteen codes in the main text of "Fifteen Codes of Gishido (Engineers Ethics)" but instead provides firstly his experience in mount climbings around Kyoto city in his boyhood days, followed by the Northern Alps climbing in Japan in his high school days, the experience of sliding his feet on a snow river in the Southern Alps, his experience as the First Antarctic Expedition Wintering Captain spent at Syowa Station on East Ongul Island in 1957 and 1958, his field experience of quality control for tube manufacturing at Tokyo Denki (present Toshiba) and his service engagement to be a director of Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, a director of Japan Nuclear Ship Research and Development Agency, a director of Japan Productivity Center, the Captain of Yarun Kang Expedition in 1973 and the General Chief of Qomolangma Climbing Expedition in 1980 that are very interesting reading including various lessons to be learned.
I here compare two Codes of the third and the fifth, which I somewhat feel doubtful among the above fifteen, with the text description related to moral lessons. Firstly what does "unethical purpose" practically mean in the third code "Defy any unethical purpose and disobey any unethical order in any occasion"? The word "ethics", "ethical" or "unethical" is used in the text at only two places and one of them is as follows:
Nuclear power appeared in front of us human beings in December 1942 when Italian Enrico Fermi succeeded in the fission control for the first time in Chicago. His research, which focused on the huge energy hidden in the tiny atoms and succeeded in extracting it, was really wonderful. Unfortunately, however, this discovery appeared in front of the mankind as a weapon to kill hundreds of thousands of people. If we withheld the fission reaction at a knowledge level only, there must be no problem. However, we used this knowledge too hastily before establishing the ethics of what and how to use the nuclear energy. That is the manufacture of atomic bombs.
Now Fermi is reportedly treated as a sinner because of his discovery led to the atomic bomb manufacturing. However, the discovery of nuclear energy is an intellectual act performed by an inquisitive human mind which is innocence itself. Even if Fermi did not, someone must had done it sooner or later. Therefore, it is wrong to condemn him for his discovery. Because, if the inquisitive human mind is suppressed, the progress of human beings becomes obscure.
On reading the above description, "the unethical purpose" indicates the atomic bomb manufacturing. Although he obeyed the unethical order to manufacture the atomic bomb, the following description "the discovery of nuclear energy is an intellectual act performed by an inquisitive human mind which is innocence itself. Even if Fermi did not, someone must had done it sooner or later. Therefore, it is wrong to condemn him for his discovery." looks to protect him. This explanation contradicts the the third code "Defy any unethical purpose and disobey any unethical order in any occasion."
Fermi actually completed the world's first nuclear reactor Chicago Pile-1 at the University of Chicago in 1942 and succeeded for the first time in the history to control the nuclear fission chain reaction. Chicago Pile-1 was used for the production of plutonium as the fissile material of atomic bomb. He played a central role in the US atomic bomb development project called the Manhattan project, became an advisor to the Los Alamos Institute in 1944, and succeeded in the first atomic bomb test in human history in July 1945. In the subsequent development of hydrogen bomb, he opposed it from the ethical view point for the first time.
Fermi actually accepted the request of atomic bomb manufacturing and obeyed the unethical purpose. Although Fermi opposed the development of hydrogen bombs, the atomic bomb was used in the real war. Besides, the hydrogen bombs and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) were also developed. Not only Fermi but also lots of engineers obey unethical requirements in the world. How do we understand those fact
In addition, since the expression "engineers obey the purpose" is uncommon or unnatural, the meaning can be interpreted as "engineers obey the order" of his boss in the organization to which she/he belongs. In that regard, the following description can be described:
The real solution to the technological problem shall begin with that not only engineers but also every decision makers such as policy makers, company managers, or military commanders understand that nothing contributing to the human welfare should be done. Everyone engaging in engineering must hone their soul with effort every day in order to form such "conscience" that leads to the said understanding. Otherwise, can we say that engineers engages in real engineering?
I thought that dicision making authorities such as policy makers, company managers, or military commanders decided the engineering use, but again the engineers themselves were entrusted to decide the usage after all in the above description contrary to may expectation.
In addition, the completed products are passed from engineers to users who use them according to the users own purpose. For example, despite the existing products of which purpose is murder from the development stage like weapons, many products of which intended purpose is not apparently unethical such as automobiles, kitchen knives, baseball bats can be used for murder depending on the users intension.
I would like to understand the third code to be as separated as the follows:
- The engineer shall engage in the development and manufacturing a weapon, a military system or a facility including a nuclear weapon or ICBM when she/he is requested to produce it, only when she/he confirms that the products, systems, facilities, etc. are exclusively used for users self-defense and not used for foreign country invasion.
- The engineer shall report the environment change to her/his boss and takes measure in the development and manufacturing stages of the product, when a social or environmental change occurs so that the product is used not only for exclusive defense but also for invasion of foreign country, excessive defense, assassination, etc.
- The engineer shall report the findings to her/his boss and takes measure, when she/he notices that the product has a function that can kill and/or wound others.
- The product shall be delivered to the user attached with the users manual in which the intended purpose and use of the product are clearly described.
- The engineer shall decline the responsibility when she/he cannot resolve any of the above items after taking measures.
Based on the above understanding, the third code is interpreted as "ethics is required for engineers".
I would like to review the fifth code "Be always customer-oriented" as the second example.
The phrase "customer-oriented" of this code is used here only once throughout in this book but instead it is described as the "manufacturing pleased by everyone", the explanation for which is summarized as follows:
Ever since the Industrial Revolution, everything has been progressed towards maker-oriented or manufacturing-oriented. For example, users has been subjected to high pressure selling of mass produced goods. It can be said as "selling at a profit" or "expedient principle". The mass-production civilization has built "disposable civilization" which is a blasphemy against nature.
If a product appealing to the customer's sensitivity is manufactured, it can be used in comfort to the end of life of which lifespan will also become longer and the appreciation of blessing of nature will be resulted.
I would like to propose following objections to the above description:
- The customers bought products because they are mass-produced, but they have better quality than handmade products and they are inexpensive.
- Mass-produced products are not always disposable, and many of the long-lived durable consumer goods are rather mass-produced.
- Disposable products exist because they have an advantage that they can reduce labor for maintenance such as cleaning, service, care, etc.
- Customers select and purchase the product by comprehensively judging all of the above, but never consider "profit" nor "expediency" of the manufacturers.
Customers select products based on the criteria such as price, quality, appearance design, ease of use, expected life span, awareness and so on but I think the ultimate criteria would be the product usefulness for their parenting.
The fifteen codes except for the above discussion on the third and fifth ones can be reasonably understood. I feel that engineering development comes from "trial and error" based on my experience and accumulated experience and data are more useful than the scientific formula. Nishibori seems to consider that scientific discoveries are the source of engineering. If a scientifically proved fact or a calculated answer by scientific equations is ignored, the engineering development may take detour and delay. However, in order to achieve the objective, the scientific formula alone is not sufficient but ideas and trial and error are always necessary. Whereas the same discussion may likely be included in the seventh, thirteen and fifteen codes, I hope that they are explained using the phrase "trial and error". The expression "trial and error" is used at only one place in the main text as follows:
From the very first, every technology shall be based on try and error approach to improve a resulted problem from trial in an optimistic attitude such as "turn a misfortune into a blessing", a strong readiness for failure, and a burning inquisitive mind. The aforementioned Comet (the world's first UK jetliner) development or the Mount Everest summitting was resultantly succeeded after repeated failures many times.
Apart from Nishibori's Enginering Ethics, Soichiro Honda explains four rules in 'Soichiro Honda; "Four Rules"' (Entrex inc.) as follows:
- "Technology is a means to serve humankind."
The protagonist of social development and progress is the human being. The technology created by human beings and their products are only means to enrich human life. It is truly disappointing that many people in the world mistake this means as the essential nature and the progress of science and technology is as if the objective.
- "Pioneer spirit"
The pioneer spirit is a willingness to make a progress by creating and opening a new own world based on many things accumulated in the past. Many people hoping for success can finally achieve the successful result only by repeatedly using the three tools such as failure, reflection and courage.
- "Fundamentally resolve problem."
As an example, the CVCC (Compound Vortex Controlled Combustion) does not aftertreat the exhaust gas discharged from the engine but generates such exhaust gas that requires no aftertreatment inside the engine.
- "Harmony among people"
No matter how advanced and developed the science and technology and social structres, human beings operate them. However, a single person can do nothing alone, but human beings can effectively use machines and the social framework only if they have a mutual sence of solidarity.
The importance of the "pioneer spirit" achieved by using the "trial and error" method as discussed by Soichiro Honda are reconfirmed.
The following description is also provided in 'Soichiro Honda; "Four Rules"':
It was famous that Soichiro Honda said that Tokugawa was not a true hero when a novel, "Ieyasu Tokugawa (the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa Era of Japan)" written by Sohachi Yamaoka had become a fad and also praised even if in textbooks of business administration. Honda also directly told Yamaoka "Tokugawa might be a hero because he conquered whole Japan, but he was not a true hero. He sacrificed many people in every occasion. He killed those who engaged in secret areas construction of the Edo Castle among forced labor brought from around Shikoku Marugame area. Human bones as the evidence were also found. I absolutely assume nobody as hero who based on such a sacrifice, and it is nonsense to bring such a person into the management of modern enterprises."
I can understand this statement because Honda is not a samurai warrior nor a politician (elite said by Fujiwara) but an engineer lived in the postwar democrat nation Japan where the renunciation of war is stipulated under the Constitution. The aforementioned description was also understandable that as if Nishibori might advocate not only Fermi's nuclear reactor construction but also his atomic bomb manufacturing based on the fact that he was not a policy-maker but an engineer.
Although Tokugawa committed many murders mainly to combat enemies in numerous warfare, I thought he was a superior policy-maker and true elite as similar to Napoleon because he was not an engineer but a samurai-warrior who later laid the foundation of the peaceful Tokugawa Era for three hundred years as a savior of Japan even though it might be nonsense to "bring his activities into the management of modern enterprises".
I thought here that "people who engaged in secret areas construction of the castle" were categorized engineers who should consider the ethics. Since the engineers involved in the manufacturing of weapons and military facilities are aiming to provide means to protect the life of users, I think those engineers are required to prepare to exchange their own lives. Even if the above may be an extreme case, there are always dangers of life in the work place where "Safety First" slogan is posted such as civil engineering construction, mining, oil drilling, hazardous material handling, etc. It is said that the captain shall lastly leave his ship after confirming that all the passengers and crew have left when the ship is at the risk of sinking. During the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, Masao Yoshida did not escape but stayed in the same power plant in the crisis of the reactor destruction to take the accident management measure. There are numerous examples of such engineer behaviors.
As described in the preceding article'"Fifteen Codes of Gishido (Engineers Ethics); Eizaburo Nishibori'', the fundamental objective of engineer is to develop and manufacture product useful and helpful for customers' or users' "parenting".
At the same time, the purpose of the engineers to perform their duties is to obtain the reward for their contribution in order to parent their children.
In other words, engineers just as samurai-warrior have the bipolar goals to parent children who are their own and their cunstomers' or clients'.
2. When did Japan go wrong?
Ryotaro Shiba who later became a famous Japanese novelist was assigned to the first tank regiment of the Kanto Aarmy affiliation for the homeland defense in summer 1945 at near end of the Pacific War. One day, when the General Staff came from the Imperial Headquarters and Ryotaro's boss asked that how did the regiment soldiers do when the enemy landed and the roads were filled with refugees from Tokyo. The General Staff answered the boss to run over and kill them. The formidable cruel words made him feel deep hopelessness.
In addition, when he later listened to the broadcast of the voice of Japan's Emperor Hirohito telling the termination of the war, he thought why he was born in a country governed by all these foolish leaders and that it was assumably different in the past. However, he did not know the past was Meiji Era or earlier. When he was about 40 years old after demobilized, he started to write letters addressed to himself at 22 years old lived in Sano. It was like his novel. He said that the reader was a 22 years old myself who was present in me every time. I think that this became the origin of Shiba's literature. Also I thought that for Shiba, Sano city was his departure place when he was reborn from thinking of the death and started to consider the future of Japan.
"It is described in Masahiko Fujiwara's "The Dignity of the Nation" that Japan has become a chaser of such cowardly acts as invading China after the Marco Polo Bridge incident... I thought there was no way to keep the Japanese independence and for its survival until the Russo-Japanese War... However, the invasion of China at that time was a completely meaningless weak bully. In light of the Bushido spirit, this is the most embarrassing coward action. The Edo Era had become long time ago and the Meiji Era ended, then the Bushido spirit was waning" said Shiba quite understandably.
The best Japanese image was illustrated in the "Clouds Above the Hill" among other novels "Ryoma Goes His way", "Yoni sumu hibi (The days living in this world)", "Moeyo Ken (Blazing Sword)", "Tobu ga gotoku (Like Flying)" documenting the period from the end of Edo Era through the Meiji Restoration to Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War in order to find the answer for his question "When did Japan go wrong?" while thinking that the Japanese in the Meiji Era was different from those at the time of the Pacific War.
Here, he recognized the Russo-Japanese War as a defense war of the motherland and said that the Japanese army after this war strayed and the modern Japan was distorted.
Although the Japanese New Meiji government tried to pass a sovereign's message to inform the restoration of imperial government to Korea at the end of 1868, Korea noticed the message, different from conventional one, contained special letters "emperor" and "edict" that could be exclusively used by the Qing suzerain nation, Korea refused to receive the message. Diplomatic negotiations between Japan and Korea did not progress for several years and its aftermath appeared in different configurations.
The Japan-Qing Amity Treaty and trade regulations were concluded with Qing China in 1871 by effort of Li Hongzhang who advocated the conciliatory diplomacy with Japan. By utilizing this diplomatic accomplishment, Japan again started the diplomatic negotiation with Korea which was a tributary state under its surerain Qing China. Nonetheless, since no diplomatic negotiations progressed, the envoy Takamori Saigo dispatching to Korea, which could lead to foreign wars, became a major political issue in Japan in 1873. After all, the Meiji Emperor decided to postpone infinititely the envoy to Korea resulting that five votes of affirmative members including Saigo, Taisuke Itagaki and Shinpei Eto and about six hundred Upper House bureaucrats and soldiers were resigned.
Japan dispatched the warship Unyogo to Korea for a nominal sea route survey, provoked and fought Korea at the Ganghwa Island, landed and killed 35 Korean soldiers and citizens, and brought pillages in the so-called Ganghwa Island incident in 1875. Japan imposed the Japan-Korea Amity Treaty, which was sometime called an inequality treaty, to Korea in 1876. After the Jemulpo Treaty was signed in 1882, Korea admitted the right for the Japanese troops to be stationed in the capital Hanseong to guard the embassy. When the Treaty of Tianjin was signed between Japan and Qing China in 1885, troops of both nations retreated from Korea.
The Sino-Japanese War took place between Japan and Qing China from 1894 through 1895 over domination of the Korea (Joseon Dynasty) Peninsula. When the Qing China dispatched troops to suppress the Donghak Peasant Revolution in Korea, Japan also dispatched troops and started the Naval Battle of Pungdo (Hoto). Japan won the Battle of Pyongyang and the Naval Battle of Yellow Sea (mouth of Yalu River), etc., and the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty was sealed between Japan and the Qin China. Based on this treaty, Taiwan was ceded to Japan that established the Governor-General Office of Taiwan and Taiwan Sugar Co. Ltd. and Dai-Nihon Sugar Co. also entered Taiwan.
Japan annexed Korea in 1910 after the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War. The Japanese colonial rule over Korea continued for 35 years. Shiba understood that the country called Japan impassively robbed the independent nation, that had a culture for thousands of years, in a form of colonial rule.
The point of time that Japan began a war for invasion and assault rather than the motherland defense would be between 1875 and 1895 when the Ganghwa Island incident in Korea, the start of Japanese army stationing in the capital Hanseong based on the Jemulpo Treaty signed, the Taiwan invasion after the Sino-Japanese War or the Russo-Japanese War occurrred for which the understandings of Fujiwara's and Shiba's coincided. It would be between 46 and 66 years going back from the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941.
However, when answering the question "When did Japan go wrong?" we must remember that not only Japan but also UK, France, Russia, the United States, China, Korea and even Vietnam also went wrong at the same time. Particularly the invasion by UK, France and Russia were the worst, but Japan was poor that imitated it. It was an unmistakable fact and an obvious weak bully that the Great Powers such as the UK, France, Russia which were not received the threat from Asian countries but invaded and assault them of which military power was clearly inferior. Japan recaptured the 203-Meter Heights of Lushun in China from the Russian forces who occupied it where tens of thousands of Japanese soldiers were killed. Japan also waited, attacked and sank the Russian Baltic fleet which was exhausted after the long distance voyage from the Black Sea to Vladivostok. However, Japan was never directly attacked by Russia nor invaded. Japan never defended the mother land nor attacked any troops of the Great Powers of Europe other than Russia. Nevertheless, Japan bullied weak nations China and Korea of which military powers were inferior.
The answer for the question how did the countries "go wrong?" was that the warrior or soldiers forgot their duty of motherland defense that was "to protect women, children, peasants, and the natioal territory" and began the war to invade and assault surrounding nations.
3. How to prevent wars.
Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804), a philosopher of the 18th century, worried about the continuous warfare in Europe and published "Permetual peace: Philosophical Essay" in his last year in order to question "What does the perpetual peace signify to the world?". Although this book was said to be difficult, it could be understood when introduced in the Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) TV program "100 pun de meicho (Famous book introduced in 100 minutes)" broadcasted on August 2016 with a comprehensive explanation by philosopher Mr. Toshihito Kayano. Thus I would describe it here by adding my comments.
Conflicts among countries frequently occurred in the 18 century Europe when "Perpetual Peace" was written. People wanted the peace to avoid the war, while some of the policy makers endlessly increased the armaments and the war expenditure in the conflicted countries ego. In such a situation, Kant's "Perpetual Peace" enlightened the way of presence of "nations" and "politics and moral" to guard against the threat of war to which the people were exposed. Many system configurations and ideas are contained in this book to accomplish the perpetual peace, such as 'Standing Armies shall be entirely abolished in the course of time', 'The Civil Constitution in every State shall be Republican', and 'The Right of Nations shall be founded on a Federation of Free States' suggesting Kant's deep insight exceeding a simple idealization. It was such a prestigious intuition as said to be a reference when planning the ideals of the "United Nations" and the "League of Nations" later.
The French Revolution occurred in 1789 and the citizen's nation was born. A neighboring nation Prussia which did not willingly recognize the revolutionary government declared war on France in 1792 and Spain also declared war on France in 1793, however, France turned counterattacks by establishing the national mobilization system and so on to show the impetus to invade the territory of both countries. In 1795, Prussia made an overture for peace with France by admitting Rhineland to be annexed by France, and in exchange, the territory occupied by the French Army in east of the Rhine was returned to Prussia. In the same year Spain also made peace with France, by recognizing the revolutionary government and admitting the Santo Domingo ceded to France in exchange for the recovery of the occupied territory. In this situation, "Perpetual Peace" was published in 1795.
Kant expresses the following articles in "Perpetual Peace":
First Section which contains THE PRELIMINARY ARTICLES OF A PERPETUAL PEACE BETWEEN STATES.
- 'No conclusion of Peace shall be held to be valid as such, when it has been made with the secret reservation of the material for a future War.'
- 'No State having an existence by itself-whether it be small or large-shall be acquirable by another State through inheritance, exchange, purchase or donation.'
- 'Standing Armies shall be entirely abolished in the course of time.
- 'No National Debts shall be contracted in connection with the external affairs of the State.'
- 'No State shall intermeddle by force with the Constitution or Government of another State.'
- 'No State at war with another shall adopt such modes of hostility as would necessarily render mutual confidence impossible in a future Peace; such as, the employment of Assassins (percussores) or Poisoners (venefici), the violation of a Capitulation, the instigation of Treason and such like.'
The above articles are described in "Perpetual Peace" that have the specific meanings as follow:
- Since the Basel Peace Treaty is not a true peace treaty but a ceasefire agreement, it requires revision to the Peace Treaty so as not to cause further war.
- No State shall be acquiable by another State as if it is a property, such as the French annexation of Rhineland, the return of the zone occupied by French military east of the Rhine to Prussia, the return of the area occupied by France to Spain, the Santo Domingo cession and such like.
- Standing Armies (mercenaries) shall be entirely abolished (voluntary exercise of the citizens in arms shall be accepted).
- No National Debts shall be contracted because it constitutes a treasure for the carrying on of War.
- No State shall intermeddle by force with the Constitution or Government of another State.
- No State shall adopt such modes of hostility as would necessarily render mutual confidence impossible in a future Peace; such as, the employment of Assassins or Poisoners, the violation of a Capitulation and such like.
The original articles above are proposed for the Europe situation at that time and the comparison between the generally expressed articles and their actual situation becomes complicated, therefore, the comparison is terminated here and only the explanation by the NHK program "Perpetual Peace" will be described hereafter.
However, for the frequently used key statement "Human nature is inherently evil. The human beings go to war if they are left as they are", my understanding is as follows:
Human beings cannot survive by themselves but they live in a society together as a group. Individuals who act in violation of morals and laws such as homicide, theft, adultery, false habit, etc. are not allowed in any society, but are forcibly excluded from the society. However, an individual as a member of the society performs anti-moral and illegal acts because such acts are also an obedience to the natural instincts and desires. Individuals are an inherently evil existence from a social point of view. However, since the human beings are also given a tool called cerebrum by the great nature or God, they can deny their instinct and suppress their desire to observe morals and laws if judged rationally. Similar to an individual judging in social life, it may be understood that going to war in the world where countries are adjacent suffers great losses and is disadvantageous for both battling countries. Nonetheless, the reason why war is unceasing is not only that there is no system to eliminate those who do not observe morals or laws as in the security maintenance in the nation, but also that there is no sufficient law in the world and that won nation can gain the plundered profit without paying the penalty for the nation's desire as said "winners are right and losers are wrong".
I would like to stop the direct quotation and explanation of the original text hereafter and describe my understanding who watched the NHK program:
First Section which contains THE PRELIMINARY ARTICLES OF A PERPETUAL PEACE BETWEEN STATES.
Just as the animals living in a group, the human race also fight for the territory. The group that dislikes territorial fight moves to a new land. The human race has come to live in the Arctic Circle in this way.
The human race can request and talk each other even about territory or border disputes. Individuals should be able to create the rules between nations as could talk and create the domestic laws in the nation.
It is necessary to create systems and rules even between nations, as the group of individuals created the system called the state and made rules or laws.
The system between nations shall be a peace union and all nations in the world shall not become a united single nation. Because massacres were carried out by Nazis that aimed at the Third Reich by unifying the whole world for example.
The peace union shall establish achievable objectives in such ways that are agreeable among nations around the world. Even a small nation can secure one seat if it is recognized as a sovereign state not to be enforced the logic of a stronger nation.
A purpose of the peace union is to prevent conflicts from occurring between nations by considering the way to reduce the seeds of conflicts as much as possible.
It is to observe the Providence of nature. The provisory arrangements of nature in this relation consist mainly in these three things:
- She has provided so that men shall be able to live in all parts of the earth.
- She has scattered them everywhere by means of war so that they might populate even the most inhospitable regions.
- By this same means she has compelled them to enter into relations more or less rightful with one another.
Just as the human race who experienced war laid down laws to avoid disputes between individuals within the nation in the past, they are now trying to prescribe laws among the states. The human race is guided, by the Providence, to lay down laws among nations. Morals are prescribed as imposed by the reason founded on an unfortunate past experiences.
Economic exchanges are deterrents of war.
Like the individual, the nation is inherently selfish, seeking the largest national interest. It exercises military power, as a means, to deprive and plunder in the short term or performs commercial activities under the law over the long term. The short-term strategy is founded on the logic "winners are right and losers are wrong", even if an individual in a group temporarily feel it beneficial, everything will be lost under the theory of "retributive justice".
The so-called Great Powers of Europe were colonizing the developing nations in the era of Kant and the conduct was understood in accordance with the national interest. However, the colonies disappeared in the 20th century, as it became clear that the cost to maintain colonies was high for the suzerain nations to pay.
By the way, since no Japanese experienced and understood that the colonial maintenance costs did not pay, no literature was found describing the Japanese colonial maintenance costs, but instead, it was disappointing that only unintelligible excuse "the purpose of Japanese intrusion into neighboring nations was to liberate the colonies of Western nations" could be occasionally found.
Aside from Japan after World War II, China has annexed Tibet and Mongolia after WWII, has let the UK return Hong Kong, has let Portugal return Macao and is now militarizing the South China Sea. After the Soviet Union invasion of Afghanistan failed, it was cllapsed to form the Russian Federation that is now invading Ukraine.
As similar that laws are necessary in nations, international laws, for which the morality is required, are necessary for nations in the world. It does not mean that international politics should be carried out in accordance with morals.
About half of pages of Perpetual Peace are said to be given to explanation about the accordance of Politics with Morals that can be summarized as follow:
The perpetual peace cannot be realized not only if politics is in accordance with morals.
The state of Peace cannot be founded or secured not only without the guidance of morals and reasons.
The state of peace cannot be attained unless it is backed by the natural inclination of human nature.
Since the misery of war and the living infringed by the war were experienced, the interest in the peace increased.
Even the human race whose nature is intrinsically evil can establish rules to lead to a peace between neighboring nations.
- Give rise to an International Federation Of The People (this would not have to take the form of a State made up of these Nations).
- The commercial intercourse secures from violence and war (the commercial spirit cannot exist along with war).
- Establish a Republican Constitution (Democracy constituted by the power of the People that is different from Despotism).
- Sever the Executive Power of the Government from the Legislative Power.
- Realize a state of Public Right (the state of the Dependence of all its member nations on a common Legislation).
- Maintain laws of Equality subject to the Publicity.
Even a race of devils can institute a State, assuming only that they have intelligence. How can greed devils establish an equality of laws?
A story about devils who love cakes is introduced here how they divide a cake in equal share.
Cake loving devils are gathered to let each of them cut a cake under the condition that the cutter receive the last piece. If the devil cut the cake not in equal size, she/he must lastlly accept the smallest piece. Therefore, the cake cutting devil inevitably divide the cake in equal share as far as possible This is not because the devil judges from the standpoint of a moral. It is because she/he can consider according to reason.
If the devils, who know that other devils also want to escape alone from the application of the justice right, try to establish a cooperation each other which can maintain peace and freedom but no devils can exercise any privileged rights under an external justice right. No morals are involved here at all.
I think texts of a practical justice right are desirably suggested or recommended rather than such an above story is presented.
Despite the Kant's Philosophical Essay above, the massacres were carried out by the Nazis that was intending to be a Universal Monarchy and resultantly became a form of Despotism instead of Republic.
Although the League of Nations was established in 1920 to which 60 countries joined, Japan, Germany and Italy subsequently withdrew from it, and World War II broke out.
In 1945 after World War II, the United Nations was founded to which 193 countries joined by 2016, the United Nations Army was also established, troops are dispatched to prevent and control armed conflicts, however, they are not always suppressed.
The International Court of Justice is placed in the Hague of the Netherlands as regarded the judicial body of the United Nations, but it has no power of coercion nor effectivity.
Kant's ideal is to create a mechanism to resolve all conflicts by law without using armed force, however, that ideal is not realized.
In order to maintain the domestic security, a coercion force (police, military, and such) is required to suppress social turmoil such as rebellion and riot, and to crime down crimes such as murder, robbery, arson, and so on. However, I cannot understand why does Kant consider no legal coercion such as police and miritary is necessary for world peace.
A key word of World War I is the "national mobilization". Between 1793 and 1797 the First Coalition was established in an attempt to defeat the forces of the French First Republic following the French Revolution of 1789. In the declaration of war from many royal nations, France ordered the first historic "national mobilization" in August of the same year and implemented the "conscription system". As a result of the conscription to recruit various levels of citizens, 1.2 million soldiers were newly added to the French army which changed to the citizen army possessing huge troops in comparison to other countries of which main force of the military were mercenaries.
In order to lead the large military, the Army Minister Lazare Carnot reformed the military system and created the division system that enabled independent combat operations. The division system was an organization management system of the enormous force, indispensable for the French Revolutionary War, each of which divisions was self-contained and deployed strategies and supply chain to fight many enemies.
Although Napoleon Bonaparte who had been imprisoned in the Elba island escaped from there and returned to the emperor, Prussia, Britain and all the other components of their alliance, won the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. However, Carnot's military system reform gradually changed the military system of European countries.
Clausewitz, chief of staff of the III Prussian Corps who won France, later pointed "although the war of royal families were almost fixed matches using mercenaries, Napoleon changed wars by raising soldiers to live for France and to fight to annihilate their enemies".
Two years after France decreed the "national mobilization" in 1793, Kant's Perpetual Peace was published in 1795. As mentioned earlier, there is a description "It is quite otherwise, however, as regards the voluntary exercise of the citizens in arms at certain appointed periods; for the object in view is thereby to protect themselves and their country from external attacks" in item 3. 'Standing Armies shall be entirely abolished in the course of time.'" in the "First Section which contains THE PRELIMINARY ARTICLES OF A PERPETUAL PEACE BETWEEN STATES".
In other words, despite the condition that Standing Armies shall be entirely abolished, the "national mobilization" is encouraged. Is it reasonable to admit the "national mobilization" instead of "Standing Armies" to protect themselves and their country from external attacks?
The description "the war of royal families were almost fixed matches using mercenaries" indicates that previous wars were fought by professional soldiers. Battles in Japan were also fought by professional soldiers called samurai. Battles in Japan were also fought by professional soldiers called samurai. Soldiers or samurais fought against neighboring enemies in order to protect their country and eventually to protect women, children, farmers, by following the order of the royal families and aristocratics who were the highest organization of the nation. They fought until they achieved victory instead of annihilating the enemy. Although the defense of own country is legitimate, when the enemy is defeated the war is over and an aggression or invasion is not justified. Also no excessive defense nor unnecessary assault is justified to fight until extermination.
Since the "conscription system" and "national mobilization" were introduced, not only occupational soldiers but also farmers, craftsmen and merchants went to war. The first national mobilization in history might not have been done in France because there was a description that former farmers followed the chariots in the ancient Chinese battle was found in "Sun Tzu's The Art of War". However, new weapons that appeared in each era might make it possible to train soldiers in a shorter period of time.
In an event that is widely acknowledged to have caused the outbreak of World War I, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian Empire (hereafter called Austria), is shot to death by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
At that time, such conflict structure was completed that Austria, Germany and Italy had signed the Triple Alliance against which France and Russia had concluded the Franco-Russian Alliance, in addition, Britain and France had agreed the Anglo-French Entente and Britain and Russia had signed the Anglo-Russian Entente. Accordingly, each country was considering military operations against neighboring countries.
After Archduke Ferdinand was killed, Austria precipitated the declaration of war against Serbia for punitive purpose by bombarding the capital Belgrade from the warship and the long-term war began between Serbia and Austria.
Russia, a same Slavic ethnic group as Serbia, declared the national mobilization to defend Serbia. In response, Germany sent the ultimatum to a potential enemy Russia to cancel the national mobilization. As Russia did not respond to it, Germany decreed the national mobilization and declared war on Russia at the same time. On the other hand, France also decreed the national mobilization.
After that, the battlefront spread all over Europe such as the German army's invasion of Belgium, the outbreak of war between Britain and Germany and so on. However, all countries already had established the conscription system by this time, and the decrees of national mobilization themselves were interpreted as the preparation of war to trigger the declaration of war or the invasion to neighboring nations.
It would be impossible to prevent war in such a situation where each country is in danger of conflict each other with neighboring countries in fears when doubts beget doubts.
Besides, unlike before the French revolution after World War I, the elites such as king, emperor, president, prime minister, diplomat, staff and so on rarely went to actual wars and were seldom killed on the battlefield but only conscripted citizens, decreed the national mobilization, declared war and sent the citizen army for the military expedition. Even in World War II which lasted five years, neither Roosevelt, Japanese emperor nor Hideki Tojo died in battlefields. Hitler also would not necessarily die if he did not commit suicide.
Although it is not deeply discussed here, however, the elites themselves become the target and are mostlikely killed after about 30 minutes by the counter attack if they start a war and direct to launch an inter-continental ballistic missiles (hereafter called ICBM) because of the emergence and deployment of ICBM fitted with a nuclear warhead. This is a probable reason of the deterrence of war between countries which have deployed ICBMs to date after World War II.
Masaru Sato says that it is important to extract and understand analogies and ironies from history. Old history tends to be forgotten and the most recent history (incidents) is given higher value by a big influence of an essential character of mass media. If politics obtain the approval of mass media by controlling the historical education, censoring textbooks, constructing historical monuments and such, the public opinion is formed even though citizens may have a suspicion.
No history repeats itself but new technological development has always been carried out such as the emergence of republics, the development of modern weapons, the decree of national mobilization, the deployment of ICBM and such, new social systems have been created and it can resultantly be considered that the human being are living while facing new situation or the social experiment is being continued in its real-world size.
I think it is important to always remember the most fundamental fact that human being survive while parenting their children. No body shall doubt it, but it is terrible to forget the fact easily.
President Wilson made a speech to issue his principles for an end to the war and received a tremendous praise by the representatives in the Joint session of the U.S. Congress that was suddenly called on January 8, 1918 near end of World War I. The "Fourteen Points for Peace" was clarified there. It contained Wilson's various ideals for an end to the war and many opinions already stated before the U.S. entering the war, although it might at a first glance seem unexpected. However, this was unilateral and challenging not only for the Principal Allied Powers but also the Associated Powers which included the U.S.
The Fourteen Points are as follow:
- Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.
- Absolute freedom of navigation
- The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.
- Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety.
- A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims.
Territorial issues
- The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia.
- Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored.
- All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted
- A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.
- The people of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development.
- Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored.
- The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees.
- An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations.
League of Nations
- A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.
The article "I. Open covenants of peace shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.", for example, was an unacceptable for the Associated Powers side such as France which was trying to secretly take Rhineland and Italy which was promised large swaths by a secret pact, the Treaty of London in 1915. In addition, "II. Absolute freedom of navigation" was to criticize Britain which had been closing the sea against Germany.
On the Principal Allied Powers side, Austria expressed to accept the open covenants of peace but refused any compromises on the autonomous development. Germany rejected the entire Fourteen Points which they said to be unacceptable because of the concessions over the territory.
Germany launched a spring offensive on the same day that Wilson announced the "Fourteen Points for Peace" and the peace order was shelved. However, since the Germany offensive did not continue long, a ceasefire agreement was signed in the autumn of the same year to promise that the "Fourteen Points" were the basic principle of peace. Wilson chose to head the U.S. delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919 and laid down these Fourteen Points as the basis for the peace program. However, since Britain and France did not want to release colonies but strict demands such as large amounts of reparation were made for defeated countries and the Fourteen Points were only partially realized.
The creation of the International League (a general association of nations) was described in the article "XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants..." as an organization to ensure disarmament and security of every countries after the war, although no countries saw them as a problem from the beginning. This article was incorporated in the text of the Part 1 of the Covenant of the League of Nations (so called the Treaty of Versailles) signed in June 1919 and the League of Nations was established in 1920 of which headquarters was placed in Switzerland.
However, the U.S. Senate refused to consent to the ratification of the Treaty. For many Republicans in the Senate, Article X was the most objectionable provision. Their objections were based on the fact that, by ratifying such a document, the United States would be bound by international contract to defend a League of Nations member if it was attacked. Nonetheless, the League as the world's first large international organization performed peace keeping operations. Woodrow Wilson was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his peace-making efforts.
I feel an analogy coming on with such movements of former president Obama awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, the U.S. new isolationism of the current president Trump, whereas the League of Nations was transferred to the United Nations after World War II.
I cannot feel that the perpetual peace that Kant wished is realized.
The League of Nations asked Albert Einstein, in 1931 or possibly 1932, to "choose and invite a person to exchange views on any problem which seems the most insistent civilization has to face" and Einstein selected psychologist Sigmund Freud as a partner for discussion.
When this correspondence was exchanged in 1932, Freud was 76 years old and Einstein was 53 years old. While the Jewish persecution by the Nazis was intensified, Einstein wrote this letter in the municipality of Caputh, south of Potsdam in Germany and exiled to the U.S. in the same year. The Austrian Freud exiled to Britain in 1938.
Einstein selected the problem "Is there any way of delivering mankind from the menace of war?" to discuss in the corresondence. An excerpt from Einstein's enquiry letter firstly follows:
To settle every conflict arising between nations, a legislative and judicial body shall be set up by international consent. Each nation would undertake to abide by the orders issued by this legislative body, to invoke its decision in every dispute, to accept its judgments unreservedly and to carry out every measure the tribunal deems necessary for the execution of its decrees. This legislative body needs the power. The quest of international security involves the unconditional surrender by every nation, in a certain measure, of its liberty of action--its sovereignty.
The ill success, despite their obvious sincerity, of all the efforts made during the last decade to reach the international security resulted.
The minority, the ruling class at present, has the schools and press, usually the Church as well, under its thumb and succeeds so well in rousing men to such wild enthusiasm, even to sacrifice their lives. Because man has within him a lust for hatred and destruction. Is it possible to control man's mental evolution so as to make him proof against the psychosis of hate and destructiveness?
It is rather the so-called "intelligentsia" that is most apt to yield to these disastrous collective suggestions, since the intellectual has no direct contact with life in the raw but encounters it in its easiest, synthetic form--upon the printed page.
The difficulty of the education is discussed here for the "intelligentsia" which is equivalent to the "elites" talked by Masahiko Fujiwara.
It would be of the greatest service to us all were you to present the problem of world peace in the light of your most recent discoveries.
In the response to the above Einstein' letter, Freud describes that little good comes of consulting the psychology, aloof from worldly contact, on practical and urgent problems despite basically admitting the Einstein's consideration for peace in the first place. Nevertheless, he raised a question, as a counter proposal, why they Pacifists protest so vehemently against war and concluded, in closing the discussion, that they may rest on the assurance that whatever makes for cultural development is working against war.
An excerpt from Freud's response letter follows:
The question which you put me, --what is to be done to rid mankind of the war menace?-- took me by surprise.
The same conclusion holds good, and you, too, have reached it, though by a shorter path. There is but one sure way of ending war and that is the establishment, by common consent, of a central control which shall have the last word in every conflict of interests. For this, two things are needed: first, the creation of such a supreme court of judicature; secondly, its investment with adequate executive force.
Obviously the League of Nations acts as a Supreme Court. However, it has no force at its disposal and no members of the new body, its constituent nations, furnish it. Nevertheless, here is an experiment so called the League of Nations, the like of which has rarely--never before, perhaps, on such a scale--been attempted in the course of history.
I now can comment on another of your statements. You are amazed that it is so easy to infect men with the war fever and you surmise that man has in him an active instinct for hatred and destruction, I entirely agree with you. I believe in the existence of this instinct.
By the way, Freud was so elated to tell "I feel, that I am an Austrian, for the first time in the last thirty years" when the first battle of World War I began with a naval gunfire of Austria-Hungary to Serbia in 1914 and said "all my libido is dedicated to Austria-Hungary" by touching the libido that was energy to express sex instinct of central concept in his own theory. However, his Austrian fever cooled down after two weeks, watching the struggle with Serbia. Later, when two of his sons went to war and Freud became worried, he began to talk disappointment of war after more than one year. I think Freud was a faithful husband who parented children. Here, I'd like to return to the quotation from the Freud's letter:
We assume that human instincts are of two kinds: those that conserve and unify, which we call "erotic" or else "sexual"; and, secondly, the instincts to destroy and kill, which we assimilate as the "aggressive or destructive" instincts.
The instinct of self-preservation is certainly of an erotic nature, but to gain its end this very instinct necessitates aggressive action. In the same way the love instinct, when directed to a specific object, calls for an admixture of the acquisitive instinct if it is to enter into effective possession of that object.
In any case, as you too have observed, what we may try is to divert it into a channel other than that of warfare. For doing so, we have always its counter-agent, Eros, to our hand. All that produces ties of sentiment between man and man must serve us as war's antidote. Religion uses the same language: Love thy neighbor as thyself. However, these indirect methods of preventing war are certainly feasible, but entail no quick results.
As you see, little good comes of consulting a theoretician, aloof from worldly contact, on practical and urgent problems! Better it were to tackle each successive crisis with means that we have ready to our hands
However, I would like to deal with a question which, （though it is not mooted in your letter, interests me greatly）. Why do we, you and I and many another, protest so vehemently against war.
The basis of our common hatred of war is that we cannot do otherwise than hate it. The cultural development of mankind (some, I know, prefer to call it civilization) has been in progress since immemorial antiquity. To this process us we owe all that is best in our composition, but also much that makes for human suffering. For it impairs the sexual function in more than one respect, and even today the uncivilized races and the backward classes of all nations are multiplying more rapidly than the cultured elements.
The psychic changes which accompany this process of cultural change are striking, and not to be gainsaid. They consist in the progressive rejection of instinctive ends and a scaling down of instinctive reactions. Sensations which delighted our forefathers have become neutral or unbearable to us.
If our ethical and aesthetic ideals have undergone a change, the causes of this are ultimately organic. On the psychological side two of the most important phenomena of culture are, firstly, a strengthening of the intellect, which tends to master our instinctive life, and, secondly, an introversion of the aggressive impulse, with all its consequent benefits and perils.
The cultural development of mankind has been in progress since immemorial antiquity. With pacifists like us it is not merely an intellectual and affective repulsion, but a constitutional intolerance, an idiosyncrasy in its most drastic form. And it would seem that the aesthetic ignominies of warfare play almost as large a part in this repugnance as war's atrocities. How long have we to wait before the rest of men turn pacifist? But by what ways or byways this will come about, we cannot guess. Meanwhile we may rest on the assurance that whatever makes for cultural development is working also against war.
Freud firstly agreed with Einstein's idea "in order to prevent wars, it is impossible to supervise by mere ideology, ethics, thought, but the control by law is required and the violence supporting it is indispensable". However, he finally added in his conclusion "we may rest on the assurance that whatever makes for cultural development is working also against war" as described above. This addition is similar to Kant's thought It is a duty to realise a state of public right. Perpetual Peace is, therefore, a practical thing which is coming always nearer its final realisation" in the view point that no power, force nor legal coercion is necessary for the legislative body. The last paragraph of "Perpetual Peace" is as follows:
If it is a duty to realise a state of public right, and if at the same time there is a well-grounded hope of its being realised - although it may only be by approximation to it that advances ad infinitum then Perpetual Peace is a fact that is destined historically to follow the falsely so-called Treaties of Peace which have been but cessations of hostilities. Perpetual Peace is, therefore, no empty idea, but a practical thing which, through its gradual solution, is coming always nearer its final realisation; and it may well be hoped that progress towards it will be made in more rapid rates of advance in the times to come.
Kayano explains in the NHK program as follows. In fact, after Kant's "Perpetual Peace" was published, World War I occurred, the League of Nations was established and World War II further broke out. Because the League of Nations lacked the complete control under the law and the force (coercion) to support it.
However, the United Nations after World War II also lacked the complete control under the law and the force to support it. Nevertheless, no world wars broke out until today. I'd like to review this point in the next paragraph.
No world wars have occurred after the end of World War II because both the United States and Russia have deployed a large amount of ICBM and SLBM and confront each other but the East-West Cold War started. "Cold War", "Cuban Missile Crisis" and "Mutual assured destruction (MAD)" are quoted from Wikipedia:
"Cold War"
The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others). The conflict has had a great influence not only on military, diplomacy and economics but also on space development, aeronautical technology, culture, sports and so on.
The Soviet economy was stagnant and faced a sharp fall in foreign currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in oil prices in the 1980s. Mikhail Gorbachev announced an agenda of economic reform called perestroika, or restructuring in June 1987. Perestroika relaxed the production quota system, allowed private ownership of businesses and paved the way for foreign investment. These measures were intended to redirect the country's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more productive areas in the civilian sector. Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty at the White House, 1987.
The beginning of the 1990s brought a thaw in relations between the superpowers. Reagan delivered the "Tear down this wall!" speech in front of the Brandenburg Gate, in June, 1987. The mass media expressions "From Yalta to Malta" were referred to that the Cold War began from the Yalta Conference in February 1945 and ended at the Malta Summit in December 1989.
"Cuban Missile Crisis"
During the Cold War period, the Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis of 1962 was a 13-day (October 16-28 1962) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba. The missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium-range (SS-4) and intermediate-range (R-14) ballistic missile facilities. The U.S. established a military blockade to prevent further missiles from reaching Cuba. After a long period of tense negotiations, an agreement was reached between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev. When all offensive missiles and Ilyushin Il-28 light bombers had been withdrawn from Cuba, the blockade was formally ended. The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war.
"Mutual assured destruction (MAD)"
Mutual assured destruction or mutually assured destruction (MAD) is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides (pre-emptive nuclear strike and second strike) would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender. It is based on the theory of deterrence, which holds that the threat of using strong weapons against the enemy prevents the enemy's use of those same weapons.
By the time of the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, both the United States and the Soviet Union had developed the capability of launching a nuclear-tipped missile from a submerged submarine, which completed the third leg of the nuclear triad weapons strategy necessary to fully implement the MAD doctrine.
Nuclear sharing is a concept in NATO's policy of nuclear deterrence, which involves member countries without nuclear weapons of their own in the planning for the use of nuclear weapons by NATO.
"Nuclear sharing"
In particular, it provides for the armed forces of those countries to be involved in delivering nuclear weapons in the event of their use. As part of nuclear sharing, the participating countries carry out consultations and take common decisions on nuclear weapons policy, maintain technical equipment (e.g., nuclear-capable airplanes) required for the use of nuclear weapons and store nuclear weapons on their territory.
The Cuban Missile Crisis that occurred after World War II was avoided based on the concept of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) emerged at the Kenedy administration and later clarified as the nuclear strategy doctrine. Since then no world wars occurred to date.
Although no world wars have occurred since World War II, a lot of regional conflicts have taken place throughout the world. The list of wars by death toll below includes death toll estimates of all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by war. These numbers usually include both the deaths of military personnel which are the direct results of battle or other military wartime actions, as well as the wartime/war-related deaths of civilians, which are the results of war-induced epidemics, diseases, famines, atrocities, genocide, etc. The bottom columns of the list also show the number of deaths from World War I and World War II for comparison. The deaths from the regional conflicts already exceed those caused by World War I and are deemed to be equal to or more than the deaths caused by World War II depending on a statistical viewpoint.
List of wars with mean greater than 300,000 by death toll
| Unit: Thousand people | |
| War | Death range | Geometric mean | Date | Location |
| Chinese Civil War | 8,000 | 11,692 | 9,671 | 1927-1949 | China |
| Second Congo War | 2,500 | 5,400 | 3,674 | 1998-2003 | Central Africa |
| Vietnam War | 800 | 3,800 | 1,744 | 1955-1975 | Vietnam |
| Nigerian Civil War | 1,000 | 3,000 | 1,732 | 1967-1970 | Nigeria |
| War in Afghanistan | 1,240 | 2,000 | 1,620 | 1978-present | Afghanistan |
| Second Sudanese Civil War | 1,000 | 2,000 | 1,414 | 1983-2005 | Sudan |
| Korean War | 1,200 | 1,200 | 1,200 | 1950-1953 | Korea |
| Soviet-Afghan War | 600 | 2,000 | 1,095 | 1979-1989 | Afghanistan |
| Ethiopian Civil War | 500 | 1,500 | 866 | 1974-1991 | Ethiopia |
| Algerian War | 350 | 1,500 | 725 | 1954-1962 | Algeria |
| War on Terror | 272 | 1,260 | 585 | 2001-present | Worldwide |
| Iran-Iraq War | 289 | 1,100 | 564 | 1980-1988 | Middle East |
| Angolan Civil War | 504 | 504 | 504 | 1975-2002 | Angola |
| First Sudanese Civil War | 500 | 500 | 500 | 1955-1972 | Sudan |
| Syrian Civil War | 470 | 470 | 470 | 2011-present | Syria |
| First Congo War | 250 | 800 | 447 | 1996-1997 | Congo |
| Iraq War | 177 | 1,120 | 445 | 2003-2011 | Iraq |
| First Indochina War | 400 | 400 | 400 | 1946-1954 | Southeast Asia |
| Somali Civil War | 300 | 500 | 387 | 1986-present | Somalia |
| Burundian Civil War | 300 | 300 | 300 | 1993-2005 | Burundi |
| Geometric mean less than 300 | 3,568 | 6,302 | 4,525 | | |
| Total: | 24,246 | 50,348 | 33,148 | | |
| | | | | |
| World War I | 8,546 | 21,000 | 13,396 | 1914-1918 | Worldwide |
| World War II | 15,843 | 85,000 | 36,697 | 1939-1945 | Worldwide |
Regional conflicts are difficult to simply discuss here since the Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) is not applicable because at least one of three main pillars - second strike capability, command and control, and rationality is not completed in the concerned nations or no nuclear weapons are possessed in various geopolitical backgrounds in respective circumstances.
Here ,then, is a part of book review of "The Fog of Peace" on the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper as quoted and shown below. The book review is a summary of lessons learned over the past eight years experience when the French author Jean-Marie Guehenno served as Secretary General in charge of UN Peacekeeping Operations (PKO).
Guehenno initially had no question about the democratization and humanitarian intervention because of no experience of war in his generation. However, he grapples with the distance between the international community's promise to protect and the reality that noble aspirations may be beyond our grasp. This is because a lot of new confusion occurred after the military intervention following the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001.
When the American attack began in the Afghanistan war in 2001, many people believed the victory and recognized the noble aspiration. However, very few people properly recognized the required stabilization effort and its difficulty.
The Afghanistan war is now deemed to have failed and its necessity is unclear.
Intervention should be comprehensively justified by not only the ambition but also the outcome and damage caused by the intervention. Although the international community can agree on the corruption to overcome, it cannot concede practical ways to mantain the security in the region for which no future plan is studied in some cases. Therefore, there is no concrete methodology to bring regional security.
Aside from the regional conflicts, nuclear wepons can potentially affect the world wars. The number of nuclear weapons in the world has declined significantly since the Cold War: down from a peak of approximately 70,300 in 1986 to an estimated 14,200 in early-2018 based on the Global Nuclear Warhead Inventories reported by the Federation of American Scientists as shown below:
Estimated Global Nuclear Warhead Inventories, 1945-2018
Click the figure to expand.
| Status of World Nuclear Forces 2018 |
|---|
| Country | Deployed Strategic | Deployed Nonstrategic | Reserve/ Nondeployed | Military Stockpile | Total Inventory |
| Russia | 1,950 | 0 | 2,350 | 4,300 | 7,000 |
| United States | 1,650 | 150 | 2,200 | 4,000 | 6,800 |
| France | 280 | n.a. | 10 | 300 | 300 |
| China | 0 | ? | 270 | 270 | 270 |
| United Kingdom | 120 | n.a. | 95 | 215 | 215 |
| Israel | 0 | n.a. | 80 | 80 | 80 |
| Pakistan | 0 | n.a. | 120-130 | 120-130 | 120-130 |
| India | 0 | n.a. | 110-120 | 110-120 | 110-120 |
| North Korea | 0 | n.a. | ? | / | ? |
| Total: | ~3,600 | ~150 | ~5,525 | ~9,300 | ~14,200 |
Note: China is thought to have “several hundred warheads,” far less than the 1,600-3,000 that have been suggested by some. None of the warheads are thought to be fully deployed but kept in storage under central control. The existence of a Chinese non-strategic nuclear arsenal is uncertain. The Chinese arsenal is increasing with production of new warheads for DF-31/31A/41 and JL-2 missiles.
In addition to the above, Belgium, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands are provided with nuclear weapons from the United States for Nuclear Sharing, stockpiling them in their territory and holding technologies and equipment such as military aircraft that can be loaded with nuclear weapons. The nuclear weapons that have been possessed by the Soviet Union are once distributed among the four new republics (Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus) in 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed. However, all of them have been transferred to Russia by 1995.
Three nations, the United States, Russia and China (even though numbers of nuclear weapon inventories unknown) are prominent among the nuclear weapon nations and deemed to be the core of the nuclear deterrence with the current Mutual Assured Destruction. Nuclear weapons of Britain and France may be recognized, by Russia, as a part of NATO or the Western Bloc centered by the United States since around 1990s. China does not belong to the Western nations, but it cannot be regarded as the Eastern Bloc with Russia as the leader. China cannot be viewed in the East-West confrontation structure in the Cold War era, that has the largest population in the world, is now generating the world's second GDP and is currently the world's number one automobile manufacturer producing cars more than twice of the U.S (more than five times of Japan).
From these circumstances, either one of the above three nations (hereafter called the Three Nations) is considered to respond to a possible nuclear attack with immediate nuclear retaliation against the attacker. The possible attacker includes another one of the Three Nations or a nation other than Three Nations which possesses nuclear weapons. This situation can be clearly documented and declared worldwide. The documentation will be easy because it is only the confirmation of the actual situation. The first article will be as follows:
-
Should one of Three Nations receive a nuclear attack, it responds with an immediate retaliatory nuclear attack to the attacker.
Further two articles shall be added:
-
Should a nation other than Three Nations launch a nuclear attack, any of Three Nations responds with immediate nuclear attack to the attacker to prevent nuclear war from spreading.
- All the nuclear armed nations other than Three Nations must dismantle and eliminate all nuclear weapons within a certain grace period and be inspected by Three Nations. If a concealed possession of nuclear weapons is discovered, then Three Nations launch the nuclear attack on the nuclear facilities after a predetermined evacuation days.
With this, there will be no nuclear armed nations other than Three Nations. Even after that, the disarmament of Three Nations is still difficult. However, when the unused period is prolonged, it is expected that the nuclear weapon possession may gradually decrease because of the useless. The minimum nuclear warheads possession by Three Nations is considered necessary for the world security. This countermeasure is based on the Mutual Assured Destruction doctrine although the real world is not so simple to realize this idea.
Actually the following efforts have been taken in the United Nations to make treaties concerning the prohibition and abolition of nuclear weapons:
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. Between 1965 and 1968, the treaty was negotiated by Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament, a United Nations-sponsored organization based in Geneva, Switzerland.
Opened for signature in 1968, the treaty entered into force in 1970. As required by the text, after twenty-five years, NPT Parties met in May 1995 and agreed to extend the treaty indefinitely. More countries have adhered to the NPT than any other arms limitation and disarmament agreement, a testament to the treaty's significance. As of August 2016, 191 states have adhered to the treaty, though North Korea, which acceded in 1985 but never came into compliance, announced its withdrawal from the NPT in 2003, following detonation of nuclear devices in violation of core obligations. Four UN member states have never accepted the NPT, three of which are thought to possess nuclear weapons: India, Israel, and Pakistan. In addition, South Sudan, founded in 2011, has not joined.
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT）
The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) is a multilateral treaty that bans all nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military purposes, in all environments. It was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 September 1996, but has not entered into force, as eight specific states have not ratified the treaty.
Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, or the Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty, is the first legally binding international agreement to comprehensively prohibit nuclear weapons, with the goal of leading towards their total elimination. It was passed on 7 July 2017. In order to come into effect, signature and ratification by at least 50 countries is required. For those nations that are party to it, the treaty prohibits the development, testing, production, stockpiling, stationing, transfer, use and threat of use of nuclear weapons, as well as assistance and encouragement to the prohibited activities. For nuclear armed states joining the treaty, it provides for a time-bound framework for negotiations leading to the verified and irreversible elimination of its nuclear weapons programme.
According to a mandate adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in December 2016, negotiations on the treaty began in the United Nations in March 2017 and continued from 15 June to 7 July 2017. In the vote on the treaty text, 122 were in favour, 1 voted against (Netherlands), and 1 abstained (Singapore). 69 nations did not vote, among them all of the nuclear weapon states and all NATO members except the Netherlands.
Draft Resolution on Nuclear Disarmament
This draft resolution has been submitted by Japan to the United Nation (UN) General Assembly every year since 1994 and adopted by 167 countries and opposed by 4 among 193 membercontries in December 2016. However, the adoped countries decreased to 156 in the same UN assembly in December 2017.
Although the real effect and future progress is unclear of the above world wide treaties or resolution, examples of nuclear disarmament in Canada, actually signed and ratified Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean and the Nuclear Weapon Free Zones signed so far follow:
Inventory of Canada's nuclear armaments
In total, there were between 250 and 450 nuclear warheads on Canadian bases between 1963 and 1972. There were at most 108 Genie missiles armed with 1.5 kiloton W25 warheads present from 1963 to 1984.
For the Canadian public, "incineration without representation" led to a popular belief that the doctrine of mutual assured destruction (MAD) was in Canada's best interest. For Canadians, MAD was appealing in this light, as Canada was unlikely to emerge from any nuclear exchange unscathed given its position between the two countries, as any weapons shot down or falling short were likely to fall on Canadian soil. In Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's 1971 Defence White Paper, this dynamic was noted:
"One of the most important changes in international affairs in recent years had been the increase in stability of nuclear deterrence, and the emergence of what is, in effect, nuclear parity between the United States and the Soviet Union. Each side now has sufficient nuclear strength to assure devastating retaliation in the event of a surprise attack by the other, and thus neither could rationally consider launching a deliberate attack."
Even as late as 1987, Prime Minister Mulroney's Defence White Paper acknowledged that, “each superpower now has the capacity to obliterate the other, ... the structure of mutual deterrence today is effective and stable. Given the prospect of "incineration without representation", Canadians seemed to feel that the doctrine which most encouraged restraint was the strategically soundest one to support.
While it has no more permanently stationed nuclear weapons as of 1984, Canada continues to cooperate with the United States and its nuclear weapons program. Canada allows testing of nuclear weapon delivery systems; nuclear weapon carrying vessels are permitted to visit Canadian ports; and aircraft carrying nuclear warheads are permitted to fly in Canadian airspace with the permission of the Canadian government. There is, however, popular objection to this federal policy. Over 60% of Canadians live in cities or areas designated “Nuclear Weapons Free”, reflecting a contemporary disinclination towards nuclear weapons in Canada. Canada also continues to remain under the NATO 'nuclear umbrella'; even after disarming itself in 1984, Canada has maintained support for nuclear armed nations as doing otherwise would be counter to Canadian NATO commitments.
Treaty of Tlatelolco
The Treaty of Tlatelolco is the conventional name given to the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean. It is embodied in the OPANAL (Spanish: Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe).
Under the treaty, the states parties agree to prohibit and prevent the "testing, use, manufacture, production or acquisition by any means whatsoever of any nuclear weapons" and the "receipt, storage, installation, deployment and any form of possession of any nuclear weapons."
There are two additional protocols to the treaty: Protocol I binds those overseas countries with territories in the region (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and the Netherlands) to the terms of the treaty. Protocol II requires the world's declared nuclear weapons states to refrain from undermining in any way the nuclear-free status of the region;
it has been signed and ratified by the USA, the UK, France, China, and Russia.
Meeting in the Tlatelolco district of Mexico City on 14 February 1967, the nations of Latin America and the Caribbean drafted this treaty to keep their region of the world free of nuclear weapons. Whereas Antarctica had earlier been declared a nuclear-weapon-free zone under the 1961 Antarctic Treaty, this was the first time such a ban was put in place over such a vast, populated area.
COPREDAL was the Preparatory Commission for the Denuclearization of Latin America created after the Cuban Missile Crisis.
The Latin American countries other than Cuba all signed the treaty in 1967, along with Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, and all of these ratified the treaty by 1972. The treaty came into force on 22 April 1968, after El Salvador had joined Mexico in ratifying it and waived the conditions for its entry into force.
Argentina ratified in 1994, more than 26 years after signature, and was thus unprotected by the zone during the Falklands War.
While Argentina has never produced nuclear weapons, Argentina once pursued a covert nuclear weapons program for many years, during which, Argentina refused to accede to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and did not sign the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (the Tlatelolco Treaty). A gaseous diffusion enrichment plant was built. Construction of reprocessing facilities was pursued for some time, but was suspended in 1990. A number of sites and facilities were developed for uranium mining, milling, and conversion, and for fuel fabrication. A missile development program was pursued for some years, most notably the Condor II missile program which was active from 1983 until the late 1980s to early 1990s. Argentina's nuclear program was supported by a number of countries: power reactors were supplied by Canada and West Germany, a heavy water plant was supplied by Switzerland, and the Soviet Union was another supplier of nuclear equipment. Hot cells operated from 1969-1972, with no international safeguards; figures on the amount of spent fuel treated in the hot cells vary greatly.
When democratic rule returned in 1983, however, the new president placed the nuclear program under civilian control and initiated a process of nuclear confidence building and cooperation with neighboring Brazil. In 1992, Argentina constructed with Brazil a bilateral arrangement to place both countries' nuclear material and facilities under their mutual supervision the Argentinean-Brazilian Agency for Accounting and Control (ABACC), and along with Brazil, signed a comprehensive safeguards agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). On March 24, 1993 the Argentine Senate ratified the Treaty of Tlatelolco, moving Argentina one step closer to becoming the 25th country to join the 1967 agreement calling for a nuclear-free zone in Latin America and the Caribbean. Later in 1993, Argentina became a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). In 1994, Argentina was invited to join the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) as well. In February 1995, Argentina acceded to the NPT as a non-nuclear weapon state. The European Union said that Argentina's accession to the NPT confirms its commitment to nuclear non-proliferation, already demonstrated by the quadripartite agreement on nuclear safeguards concluded among Argentina, Brazil, and IAEA, and by the Treaty of Tlateloco.
Cuba was the last country to sign and to ratify, in 1995 and on 23 October 2002, completing signature and ratification by all 33 nations of Latin America and the Caribbean.
The Mexican diplomat Alfonso Garcia Robles received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982 for his efforts in promoting the treaty.
Treaties of Nuclear Weapon Free Zone signed so far
1. Treaty of Tlatelolco (Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean, signed in 1967, entered into force in 1968)
2. Treaty of Rarotonga (South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty, signed in 1985, came into force in 1985)
3. Bangkok Treaty (Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty, signed in 1995, entered into force in 1997)
4. Treaty of Pelindaba (African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty, signed in 1996, came into effect in 2009)
5. Treaty of Semei (Treaty on a Nuclear Weapon Free Zone in Central Asia, signed in 2006, entered into force 2009)
The outline of the nulear-weapon-free-zone (NWFZ) as of April, 2018 is shown in the figure below:
 Nuclear-weapon-free zone
 NW states
 Nuclear sharing
 NPT only
The first and second World Wars might occur because the following two requirements were not fulfilled against the Kant's suggestion rather than because of Kant's publication of "Permetuak Peace" as Kayano explained. In addition, the Weimar Republic turned into the despotic Nazi Germany resulting mass murder. Kant forecasted these affairs occurrence and the forecast correctness has been demonstrated through World War I and II. Nowadays, the Kant's suggsntion shall be better to review until the culture is so sufficiently developed that a state of public right is realized.
1. The Civil Constitution in every State shall be Republican.
2. A state of public right shall be realized.
Einstein and Freud believed violence or power was necessary to control the world warfare to prevent it from spreading. However, Freud had a similar consideration with Kant's, on the other hand, and raised a question as a counter proposal in the response to the Einstein' letter. He stated "cultural development is working against war".
The last words in the response letter from Freud to Einstein are shown again as below:
The cultural development of mankind has been in progress since immemorial antiquity. With pacifists like us it is not merely an intellectual and affective repulsion, but a constitutional intolerance, an idiosyncrasy in its most drastic form. And it would seem that the aesthetic ignominies of warfare play almost as large a part in this repugnance as war's atrocities. How long have we to wait before the rest of men turn pacifist? But by what ways or byways this will come about, we cannot guess. Meanwhile we may rest on the assurance that whatever makes for cultural development is working also against war.
Also the last words in the "Permetual Peace: Philosophical Essay" by Kant is shown again as below:
If it is a duty to realise a state of public right, and if at the same time there is a well-grounded hope of its being realised - although it may only be by approximation to it that advances ad infinitum then Perpetual Peace is a fact that is destined historically to follow the falsely so-called Treaties of Peace which have been but cessations of hostilities. Perpetual Peace is, therefore, no empty idea, but a practical thing which, through its gradual solution, is coming always nearer its final realisation; and it may well be hoped that progress towards it will be made in more rapid rates of advance in the times to come.
There are following descriptions related to the war prevention in the publication of "Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay":
- The voluntary exercise of the citizens in arms at certain appointed periods is necessary to protect themselves and their country from external attacks.
- The means by which States prosecute their Rights at present can never be by a form of process - as if there were an external tribunal, - but can only be by War.
In other words, Kant considers that each nation does not resort to the international court but inevitably depends on the war to defend it's homeland by asking it's self-defense army (not depend on the UN forces) to carry out the war. Therefore, engineers are required to develop and manufacture weapons.
4. Future of Japan
The weapon development and manufacturing can be justified because the military force is required to defend own country and territory in the current world where no sufficient Public Right has been realized.
Consequently, the weapon development in particular among ethical issues written in "Fifteen Codes of Gishido (Engineers Ethics)" by Eizaburo Nishibori shall be clearly described as one of targets to defend own country rather than a issue to be reviewed and studied by engineers.
The "Fifteen Codes of Gishido (Engineers Ethics)" shall be rewritten as follow after reviewed based upon the description in this web site:
- Appreciate the blessings of Great Nature.
This code summarizes the original first code "Understand that they can do nothing against the law of 'Great Nature'" and the second code "Appreciate the blessings of nature".
- Remember that the parenting is a duty and a pleasure in the life of human being.
This code sumarizes the third code "Defy any unethical purpose and disobey any unethical order in any occasion" and the fourth code "Nurture the 'Conscience' formation".
- Remember that the customer is always right.
This is the essential expression of the fifth code "Be always customer-oriented" because all the products are required to have the function to satisfy not only its customer or user but also her/his family where the parenting is performed. In this background, the customer is always right.
- Remember that ideas are given by divine inspiration.
The sixth code "Always be careful and do not overlook a small incident or difference" is omitted because it is required for not only engineers but also for all occupations or workers.
The seventh code "Respect creativity, especially originality, and pay attention to all fields of science and technology" is deleted because engineers' creativity and originality are not evaluated by engineers but by her/his supervisor or manager. Also because, the engineer shall not be captured by the area of science and technology but know the broad social common sense, new discovery information and the familiar natural phenomena to link them with her/his expertise and recognize the born idea is given by god. Since this code covers the eighth code "Restrict the tendency to be logical and materialistic but improve the mental health" and the fifteenth code "Constantly and courageously devote to new technology development", both of them are omitted.
- Remember that the engineering is a result of trial and error rather than science.
This code is added to protest the idea "The new discoveries of science is the source of the engineering development" that is found in several places of the text of "Fifteen Codes of Gishido (Engineers Ethics)" by Eizaburo Nishibori. If such idea is prevailing among engineers, it must be reconsidered (because it contradicts that of Soichiro Honda).
- Remember that commissioning is a conversation with the Great Nature.
Commissioning is indispensable for new technologies, new products, new facilities and so on. During the commissioning, it is examined whether the engineers' idea conforms to the law of the Great Nature. Therefore, this is added as a mandatory code.
- Put safety first in the manufacturing.
This is added as a mandatory code.
- Make effort to prevent environmental destruction by the production and the products.
The preceding code and this code are added as mandatory codes, and related old twelfth and fourteenth codes are deleted.
- Remember that the engineering is accomplished not by an individual but resultant from all members' collaboration.
The old ninth, tenth and eleventh codes are deleted by adding this code.
- Must observe the laws of the country where the products are manufactured or used.
This is added as a mandatory code.
- Remember that the development and manufacturing of weapons are permitted only for legitimate self‐defense of people or their country.
The reason of this code has been pursued by spending the large part of this site. The old third code is deleted by adding this code.
- Remember that parenting is the bipolar goals of engineers themselves and their product users'.
This is added as a mandatory code.
When teachers lecture the following rules, the teachers shall not explain the meaning or reason of the rules but shall repeatedly and clearly speech the rules for students to memorize.
- Do not tell a lie.
- Do not commit theft.
- Do not harm others.
- Do not bully weak people.
- Do not behave unfair and cowardly.
- Do not waste money.
- Do not break or handle things roughly.
- Do not do what others want them to do.
- Do what others want.
- Respect your elders.
- Obey what your elders say.
Instead of explaining the meanings or reasons of the above rules, it is important for the teacher to swear "No means no".
The following provisions are inappropriate for teaching in elementary schools, but yet teachers shall need to clearly tell them in middle or high schools for students to memorize them.
- Do not murder except for self defense.
- Work after graduation.
- Do not commit adultery or prostitution.
- Do not have physical relationship before marriage.
- Man and woman shall marry to raise children for the rest of their lives.
- Devote your whole life to feed your wife and children when and after your wife gets pregnant.
- Do not divorce.
Harmful effects are resulting as follow because modern people do not recognize the above basic morals and forget the importance of the parenting:
- To chase idols without being interested in love.
- Late marriage (by neglecting the risk of aging).
- Acceptance of homosexualities.
- To enjoy unemployment.
- To abuse and murder infants.
- Occurrence of domestic violence.
- Abortions.
Those who cannot have their own children for health reasons can indirectly contribute, by working, to the society and parentings as a result. Even those who cannot work due to their health reason can receive an assistance from the society and resultantly contribute to the society. As far as they continue an effort to live for their destined life, it is to harmonize with the great nature and consequently contribute to the society.
What mentioned so far cannot be carried out by an individual alone. However, it can be one of criteria in comparing and selecting candidates from a viewpoint of bystander as one of citizen voters in Japan, one of democratic countries.
Such judgment criteria is appropriate whether candidates consider "parenting" when viewing them and selecting one. Distinctives or phrases are often heard such as to "protect the lives of people", to "promote the welfare of people", to "improve the happiness degree of the people" and so on. They are generally abstract of which contents shall be confirmed to know what are really aimed.
Decades ago, "function deployment" was proposed as one of the main procedures in the early stages of "system design" by Professor Ryuichi Yoshiya at Waseda Business School. Functions are selected to be included in the system being designed in the "Function Deployment" procedure. There are hierarchies in functions. For example, functions such as "accelerating", "decelerating", "changing the running direction" and so on are contained in the function of "driving the car to the destination". The function of "driving the car to the destination" is contained in the function of "transporting the driver (and passenger) to the destination". The upper limit of the function deployment for automobile is terminated around here and then the lower layer functions are broken down to separate the functions to be contained in or excluded from the system or product to be designed. Since the function and the scope of system or product to be designed are clearly determined in this procedural step, the following design process can be easily proceeded.
Professor Yoshiya lectured that functions "to enable activities that cannot be conducted by a single person", "to make a better living", "to improve welfare", or "to increase happiness degree" when deploying upper layer functions in designing any systems or hardwares.
This explanation is similar to Eizaburo Nishibori's opinion "the real solution to the engineering problem shall begin with all stakeholders involved in the engineering to conduct 'something of human welfare'.
"Parenting" is one of functions that is given to human beings (and all animals). It is also considered to be the highest function that cannot be further deployed above this level. "Parenting" is apparently more specific and easier to understand than "welfare of human being". Food, clothing and shelter are necessary for "parenting" and disaster prevention is required. In other word, it is necessary to procure clothing, food, and houses and to prepare for earthquake, fire, flood disaster and foreign enemy invasion.
It is necessary to appropriately assess any rhetorical election manifest. "Homeland defense" is required but no "invasion of foreign countries" is necessary for "parenting". Citizens are obligated to select the appropriate candidate.
Science and technology have not only shown remarkable progress but also proven harmful effects. "(4) Positive and negative aspects of science and technology in (1) Science and technology in modern society in 1.1.1.1 Benefits Produced by Science and Technology in 1.1.1 Significance of Promotion of Science and Technology in 1.1 Results of Promotion of Science and Technology in White Paper on Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology issued by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology" is described as follows:
Although science and technology have generated a lot of benefits for us, it cannot be denied that it also has a negative aspect given the problems they have brough
about.
Throughout the 20th century, the range of human activity expanded quickly due to the rapid progress in science and technology, leading to mass consumption of resources, mass production and mass disposal on a global scale. This has caused environmental problems such as depletion of resources, global warming and the destruction of the ozone layer, and also widened the economic gap between developed and developing
countries.
Moreover, the rapid progress in life sciences has raised ethical problems related to the fundamentals of life, by enabling genetic engineering, for example.
In order to tackle such problems, it is important to avoid entrusting science and technology entirely to the care of experts and treat them, including both their positive and negative aspects, as an issue for society at large and look for the right solution based on repeated debates by people in a wide range of fields. If we are to enjoy the benefits of the progress in science and technology, we should naturally deal with the problems brought about by it as well. In this context, it will become more important to make efforts to forge a consensus, based on open debate, as to whether or not a certain technology should be promoted, how it should be utilized and how its impact should be controlled.
It cannot be denied that global environmental problems and many other worldwide problems have arisen due in part to the rapid progress in science and technology. However, it is also true that appropriate utilization of science and technology is essential for resolving those problems. We pin high hopes on the future role that science and technology will play in efforts to resolve problems common to people around the world.
Harmful effects of science and technology are summarized as follow:
1. Weapon development and the war damage expansion
Mass destruction weapon development and outbreak of wars
are discussed in the former sections.
2. Expansion of facility accident damages
Damages such as nuclear power plant accidents, crude oil
tanker accidents, aircraft, trains and traffic accidents and
son on are expanding.
3. Population explosion
The world population estimated at about 100 million in AD 1
had doubled one thousand years later. By 1900, it increased to
1.65 billion. The growth of the world population accelerated
after World War II, with 2.5 billion in 1950, resulting in
the population of 7 billion right now. The world population is
said to be more than 10 billion in several decades.
The world population grouth has become one of the most
serious issues in the 21 century.
4. Resources depletion
Despite the worried petroleum depletion among energy
resources, the reserves of petroleum and natural gas has
been currently sufficient after the shale oil was developed
in the United States. Coal exists almost inexhaustible.
Uranium reserves are also abundant.
Depletion of copper and zinc is currently most concerned.
5. Environmental destruction
Measures for global warming by greenhouse gases are required.
Air pollution which has been successfully reduced in
industrialized countries is still found in developing countries
caused by petroleum and coal combustion gas
(fume and sulfur dioxide).
Large-scale fumes are generated from forest and peat fires in
Southeast Asia.
Coal combustion exhaust gas (sulfur dioxide and particulate
matter) for winter heating in China has declined significantly
from winter of 2017 to 2018 by changing coal to natural gas.
In China, air pollution due to dust of yellow sand is also seen.
Oceans, rivers and lakes are polluted by hazardous chemicals
and garbage are accumulated in urban suburbs and oceans
around the world. Resources development sites are ruined such
as deforestation, petroleum mining site, metal mining site and
so on. Radioactive contamination occurred due to nuclear power
plant accidents.
6. Food problem
The current hunger and poverty, the food supply shortage in
future, the water shortage and so on are included.
7. Economic inequality
Income gaps and asset gaps are included.
8. Problems caused by the life becoming more convenient
Labor powers are deprived by machines and sports are instead
required to maintain personal physical strength. Human beings
are deprived of memory and judgment by computers.
In order to solve the problem due to the rapid development of science and technology as described above, it is necessary to clarify the function and scope expected by society for the purpose of the society when using science and technology. For doing so, the study by sociologies instead of the science and technoligy themselves is required to capture the science and technology from the outside view point. The following description is contained in the "Discourse on the Method" among books of Rene Descartes who philosophically founded the science and technology in the modern culture:
- Never to accept anything for true which I did not clearly know to be such; that is to say, carefully to avoid precipitancy and prejudice, and to comprise nothing more in my judgement than what was presented to my mind so clearly and distinctly as to exclude all ground of doubt.
- Divide each of the difficulties under examination into as many parts as possible, and as might be necessary for its adequate solution.
- To conduct my thoughts in such order that, by commencing with objects the simplest and easiest to know, I might ascend by little and little, and, as it were, step by step, to the knowledge of the more complex; assigning in thought a certain order even to those objects which in their own nature do not stand in a relation of antecedence and sequence.
- In every case to make enumerations so complete, and reviews so general, that I might be assured that nothing was omitted.
The above is widely accepted as a "learning method" which is consistent with the method of scientifically pursuing the truth and is considered to be written under the influence in that time of the dispute between the Christianity and Copernicus or Galileo Galilei.
On the other hand, while the methods to live are described, in Part 3 of the Discourse on the Method, as four "maxims" to adopt the above methods mentioned in Part 2 until the truth is derived from the own consideration, the first maxim is as follows (other maxims are omitted):
Obey the laws and customs of my country, adhering firmly to the faith in which, by the grace of God, I had been educated from my childhood and regulating my conduct in every other matter according to the most moderate opinions, and the farthest removed from extremes, which should happen to be adopted in practice with general consent of the most judicious of those among whom I might be living.
In addition, the following description is contained in Part1 of the Discourse on the Method:
From my childhood, I have been familiar with letters; and as I was given to believe that by their help a clear and certain knowledge of all that is useful in life might be acquired, I was ardently desirous of instruction. But as soon as I had finished the entire course of study, I completely changed my opinion. For I found myself involved in so many doubts and errors, that I was convinced I had advanced no farther in all my attempts at learning, than the discovery at every turn of my own ignorance.
I was thus led to take the liberty of judging of all other men by myself, and of concluding that there was no science in existence that was of such a nature as I had previously been given to believe.
It might be the question the contemporary people want to know, who have been poisoned by science and technology, what was the society in which Descartes, Newton, Copernicus, Galileo and such depended, enjoyed the stable life and developed natural science, wasn't it?
Natural science was not born in the engineering development in and after 1700s, but developed in the Christian society between 1500s and 1700s (Descartes's Discourse on the Method published in 1637). Of course, it was never born in the new weapon developments using national budget in and after 1900s. Although Einstein's principle of relativity was discovered in 1905, it was not the result of a national project but the result of Einstein's quest for his personal intellectual interest.
As an example of modern government's consideration about natural science, "(2) Creation of intellectual and cultural values in (1) Science and technology in modern society in 1.1.1.1 Benefits Produced by Science and Technology in 1.1.1 Significance of Promotion of Science and Technology in 1.1 Results of Promotion of Science and Technology in the 2007 version of White Paper on Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology issued by the Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology" is described as follows:
Since the prehistoric era, mankind has been puzzled by mysterious and unknown things surrounding him, such as a variety of natural phenomena, as well as by human existence and behavior, tackled questions and mysteries, resolved them and acquired knowledge in the process of doing so.
Mankind has learned about the history and structure of the universe by exploring and studying outer space as well as oceans in an attempt to resolve questions about nature and "matter," and gone on to study the world of fundamental particles that constitute matter, and on to study the origin of the universe. Moreover, mankind has studied how life has come about in the first place and how the human species has evolved, in an attempt to resolve existential questions such as "Who are we?" and "From where did we come?"
This activity of intellectual exploration initially arose from personal questioning and inquiring for the purpose of resolving mysteries, not for the purpose of taking advantage of the knowledge acquired to develop practical technologies.
However, many of the people involved in such intellectual exploration have contributed to spreading new knowledge beyond their own geographical and time limits to civilized society at large by resolving mysteries and discovering new laws and principles of nature. Such people have also had great impact on people's concept of nature and mankind and thus transformed the behavior of individual people as well as the activity of society. There are many discoveries and new ideas that have revolutionized existing thinking, such as Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.
New knowledge, after being sorted out, systematized and passed on to new generations, constitutes part of mankind's common intellectual assets. Based on the knowledge acquired through their own research activities and inherited from them, we deepen our understanding of the universe and nature, extend the limits of and improve the efficiency of our activities, including intellectual exploration, and acquire further new knowledge.
Intellectual assets thus inherited have a cultural aspect. Intellectual assets acquired as a result of people's questioning and inquiring spirits in a variety of fields satisfy the intellectual curiosity of the subsequent generations of people and provide guidance on how to understand themselves and mankind in general as well as nature and society. Therefore, the richness of the culture of a society depends on to what degree the society has accumulated such intellectual assets. (The rest ommitted.)
The way of thinking about natural science is summarized in the following four items.
- Intellectual research activities (related to natural science) is performed by starting from a persoal question or an inquiring spirit aiming at the mystery solution itself.
- No application to a practical engineering development is directly intended.
- Such new knowledges have been acquired (through discoveries of natural science) that have affected the thought of nature and human views and have changed not only the individual human behaviors but also the social activities.
- Intellectual assets (related to natural science) have aspects of culture. That provides a guidance to understand oneself and mankind as well as nature and society. Therefore, the richness of the culture of a society depends on to what degree the society has accumulated such intellectual assets (related to natural science).
Although accumulating abundant intellectual assets related to natural sciences may lead to the richness of the culture of a society, no practical value is generated unless a new product or a new facility is provided by applicating the assets to the engineering development. Besides, no discoveries on natural science that supports the modern science and technology have directly aimed to be applied to the practical engineering development.
Therefore, we should not waste the huge national budget not for applicating to any practical engineering development but only for satisfying a human curiosity. The reason why Nobel Prize winners and people involved in national projects of scientific research occasionally complain about the tight national budget for natural science research is not because the research is useful for social life but because they, as vested interests, secure their own living expenses.
In other words, it is a fundamental problem that researchers who are practically engineers ignore the objective that the research result contributes to society and to the citizens' parenting their children but only aim parenting their own children. The natural science research should not be a national project, but should entrust to individual researchers to satisfy their personal curiosity. The national project should concentrate only on engineering developments useful for daily life.
・ Conclusion
Since I had a question about a part of the description in "The Dignity of the Nation" of Masahiko Fujiwara who I respected then and now, I read the related books and web information one after another to write down new findings and my impressions that are summarized as follow:
I. Japan went wrong in around 1875 through 1895.
Japan dispatched their soldiers to invade neighboring countries instead of to defense their mother land during between Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War. Furthermore, the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked the U.S. naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in 1941, causing the American entry into World War II.
Immanuel Kant proposed to realize the following three articles in order to avoid the outbreak of war:
- Culture shall be adequately developed in all nations in the world.
- All nations in the world shall be republic.
- Public Right shall be realized.
No world wars have occurred after World War II until today because the Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) doctrine has been believed among industrialized countries. Regional conflicts continue in developing countries because they are not republic where cultures are under developed and no appropriate education has been provided.
Due to the current population explosion and the economic inequality, the deterrence of regional conflicts is expected to become even more difficult because of the prediction that no developing countries will become republic and no appropriate education will be provided in the short future.
The war deterrence effect due to the trade thriving and the commercialization development has been demonstrated from the fact that the past military dictatorships have shifted to the current democratic governments of Singapore, South Korea, Malaysia, Philippine, Indonesia and Vietnam and so as to the current Myanmar's.
No commercial transactions are established without complying with the law. The engineering development and the commercialization are based on the compliance with all applicable laws. The term "global enterprise" has become a buzzword after the development of IT-related companies, but the term "multinational corporations" which is sometimes used as a synonym has been born and matured in the fields of petroleum, steel, cement, civil engineering, shipbuilding, automobile. Multinational corporations are considered to be contributing to the development of culture and indirectly contributing to the deterrence of war from the fact that they are surviving without bankruptcy by observing the laws of each country even though wars have broken out in many countries. Before starting war, should the governments follow examples of behavior or decision-making process of multinational companies or global companies?
II. Roles of engineers:
The weapon manufacturing is necessary for the motherland defense. A desirable maxim would be "engineers shall refuse to cooperate the development and manufacturing of weapons of which apparent purpose is the invasion". However, this description conflicts with the actual situation where the invasion of other countries is possible using existing weapons and besides the ICBMs are also one of means of the motherland defense as assumed in the MAD doctrine.
Discoveries in natural science should be left to the satisfaction of individuals' intellectual interest. This principle should be applied not only to the national budget but also to university research. All the researches that are not useful for dayly life (related to big bang, space development, particle accelerator, fusion reactors) shall be cancelled and instead the engineering development shall be concentrated on those helpful for everyday life such as:
- Utilization of carbon dioxide (transfomed to food, forage and/or plastics)
- Deserts greening (by nuclear desalination)
- Thorium reactor
- Marine current power generation
- Solid-state battery
- Passenger drone
- Ram jet engine for supersonic airliner
- Algaculture or offshore farming of edible algae
- Floating nuclear power plant (no risk of earthquake and tsusnami)
- Permanent storage of spent nuclear fuel in power plants (visible storage rather than concealed underground)
III. Necessity of restoration of moral education in Japan:
Not only the reviewed example cases in Japan, but also the education in developing countries shall be needed to review in addition to the standardization and information exchanges for education content in countries around the world.
IV. "Parenting" is the way human beings live:
I noticed the importance of "Parenting" for the first time when I watched my children parenting my grandchildren after my retirement. I sometime talked to myself as an excuse for my hard work that I worked for my wife and my children. When developing a new product or improving products and processes, I always considered the ease of use of the product from the user's viewpoint because "Customer is God". However, I remember it is important that not only using the product should not be troublesome for user's family but also the use was helpful for the family members. This is because parenting is the way human beings live.
However, the concept "Parenting is the way human beings live" is effective when human being or life is viewed from outside. Thus the concept is not always appropriate to tell to those who are seriously living. If an elder wants to advise "Parenting is important", the young listener may protest not to tell anything unnecessary. Because, when the young listener may be loving somebody, she/he is just before staring the parenting. Mothers who are busy with child rearing and fathers who work hard for his wife and children are same because they already know the importance of parenting. Besides, a couple having a child is not appropriate to tell the concept to those having no child. Also a married person is not appropriate to tell the concept to a single person. Furthermore, healthy people cannot say the concept for physically disabled people.
The concept "Parenting is important" shall be based on when engineers, for a product development, study and assess users or when citizens, for a war deterrence, evaluate and select policy-makers from the 3rd party viewpoint instead of the concerned parties themselves.
Reevaluation of contemporary society and recommendation are required for future society based on common sense of humanities instead of natural science without being masked by the effect of science and technology but without denying the discoveries in natural science.
Please feel free to contact me at  if you have any question or comment on this website. I am pleased to answer you via email as soon as possible and if neccessary, change, add or delete a part of this website.
Finally, this website is ended by quoting the following passage of Nitobe's "Bushido":
The female, half of our species has sometimes been called the paragon of paradoxes, because the intuitive working of its mind is beyond the comprehension of men's "arithemetical understanding." Because the physical charms and delicate thoughts of the fair sex are above the coarse mental calibre of our sex to explain.
I highly appreciate and thank my wife who is one of women, so difficult to be understood like that, understands me while taking care of our children over her lifetime, maintaining our life with me and still tolerating my activities.
・ References
Author,
Title,
Publisher,
Published date
- Masahiko Fujiwara, The Dignity of the Nation, Shincho New Book, November 2005
- Inazo Nitobe, translated by Ryuichiro Misaki, Bushido, PHP Paperback, August 2005
- Eizaburo Nishibori, Fifteen Codes of Gishido (Engineers Ethics), Asahi Paperback, January 2008
- Soichiro Honda, Four Rules, Entrex inc., October 2015
- Immanuel Kant, translated by Gen Nakayama, Perpetual Peace/What is Enlightenment?, Kobunsha Newly Translated Classic Paperback, September 2006
- Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay. Kindle version. 1891
- Producer A, Perpetual Peace by Kant in "Famous books introduced in 100 minutes", August 2016 at https://www.nhk.or.jp/meicho/famousbook/57_kant-index.html
- The Einstein-Freud Correspondence [1931-1932] at http://permuter.wixsite.com/why-war
- Hiroshi Moriya, Sun Tzu's The Art of War, Mikasa Shobo, December 1979
- Akira Ikegami and Masaru Sato, New-War Theory, Bunshun Paperback, November 2014
- Akira iikura, World War I History, Chuo New Book, March 2016
- World Biography, Woodrow Wilson, Evening edition of Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper, December 2016
- Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud translated by Shogo Asami, Why War?, Kodansha Gakujutu Paperback, June 2016
- Reviewer Yukihiro Nonaka, The "Eros" answered by Freud in his response to Einstein's question in their correspondences at http://news.kodansha.co.jp/20170123_b01
- A Japanese trader in his 50s, From the Opening of Korea to the Eve of the Sino-Japanese War at http://www.wayto1945.sakura.ne.jp/KOR01.html
- "Cold War" from Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War as of April 2018
- "Cuban Missile Crisis" from Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis of April 2018
- "Mutual assured destruction (MAD)" from Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction as of April 14, 2018
- "Nuclear Sharing" from Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_sharing as of April 2018
- List of wars death toll from Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_by_death_toll
- Status of World Nuclear Forces by FAS at https://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/status-world-nuclear-forces/
- Jean-Marie Guehenno, The Fog of Peace, "Book Review" of Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper, April 2018
- Inventory of Canada's nuclear armaments at
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_and_weapons_of_
mass_destruction
- Treaty of Tlatelolco at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tlatelolco
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaties Concluded to Date, Foreign Policy/Japan's Security-Peace & Stability of the International Community at http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/kaku/n2zone/sakusei.html
- Nuclear-weapon-free zone at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear-weapon-free_zone
- Rene Descartes, Discourse on the Method, 1635 at https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/descartes/1635/discourse-method.htm
- Ryuichi Yoshiya, System Design, Nikkei Paperback, November 1969
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, 2007 edition of White Paper on Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, June 2007
- Resource depletion at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_depletion
- Takeshi Umehara, Introduction to Human Philosophy, Iwanami New Book, April 2013
- Kunitake Ito, Introduction to Pragmatism, Chikuma New Book, January 2016
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